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徐福东渡与秦始皇的海洋意识

BEIJING, Dec. 14 (Xinhua) -- Chinese media selected the 10 most popular phrases from the past three decades to mark the official 30th anniversary of China's reform and opening up, which falls on this month.     When China began to reform and open-up 30 years ago, people began experiencing, seeing and doing new things. In fact things were so new, they needed to create new words to describe what was happening.     In order of popularity, starting with number one:     "Go in for business"     In the 1980s when China was starting to transition from a planned economy to a market economy, it had a two-track pricing system (official and market prices) for industrial raw materials, including steel, non-ferrous metals, timber and coal.     Seeing business opportunities within the pricing system, many people, especially government employees and those from state-run factories or institutes, quit their jobs to open their own businesses.     "Going for business" was often used to refer to the phenomena of people breaking away from the constraints of a planned system to embrace the market economy. 　　"Be laid off and get re-employed"     To adapt to the market economy and improve competitiveness of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the 1990s, China began restructuring.     "Encouraging mergers, standardizing bankruptcy, laying off and reassigning redundant workers, streamlining for higher efficiency" was a guideline in the SOEs reforms.     No official statistics show how many workers were laid off during that period, but experts estimate the number could be tens of millions.     To avoid social unrest and help most of those workers find new jobs, the Chinese central government offered occupational trainings, small loans and preferential tax policies.     "Migrant worker"     China's reform and opening-up drive started in rural areas in 1978 with collectively-owned farmland contracted to individual families. This freed about 100 million peasants from farm work.     However, most of these people were tied to the countryside by a residence-based rationing system for virtually everything, including food. About 63 million of these former farmers were given jobs in village-run enterprises that mushroomed in those days.     A policy change in 1984 allowed them to find jobs in cities but the massive migration of rural laborers didn't start until after China decided to move to a market economy in 1992.     The rapid inflow of investors created many construction, factory and mining jobs, most of which urban dwellers consider too tiring or dirty.     The number of migrants grew from 60 million in 1992 to 120 million in 2003 and 210 million this year, according to central government figures.     The work of the migrant population has generated 21 percent of China's gross domestic product in the past 30 years, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has found. But migrant workers face various problems, including delayed pay schedules, no or low work-place injury compensation, lack of health care and little schooling for their children.     "It doesn't matter if a cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice."     This sentence was used by late leader Deng Xiaoping, chief architect of China's reform and opening-up, on different occasions to clear up doubts as to whether the economic reform was capitalist or socialist.     The sentence helped stop ideological arguments at the early stage of reform and encouraged generations of Chinese to pursue their dreams in the market economy. 　　"Surfing the Internet"     The Internet was introduced in China more than 10 years ago. It quickly gained popularity and impacted society.     While online music, instant communication services, video streaming and online games greatly entertained millions of Chinese, the Internet also became a powerful news medium where information was disclosed, shared and publicized quickly.     Through June, China had 221 million netizens, according to the Data Center of China Internet (DCCI). The netizen population, which had already surpassed that of the United States to become the world's largest, would increase to 263 million by the end of this year, DCCI forecasted.     E-commerce transactions amounted to 2 trillion yuan (about 300 billion U.S. dollars) in 2007 and 25 percent of netizens had bought something online after "surfing the Internet" as of June this year. 　　"Reform and opening-up"     In 1978, a group of villagers from Xiaogang village in eastern Anhui Province decided to adopt a household contract responsibility system, which entrusted the management and production of public owned farmland to individual households through long-term contracts.     Later the system, described by then Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping as "a great invention of Chinese farmers", was widely adopted across the country and triggered economic reform.     Over the past 30 years, the country witnessed significant changes in comprehensive national strength, people's living standards and international influence thanks to the reform and opening-up policy.     China's share of the world's combined gross output rose to 6 percent at the end of 2007, compared with just 1.8 percent in 1978when its reform and opening-up began, according to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS).     Fast economic growth over the past 30 years lifted China's GDP ranking in the world from 10th in 1978 to fourth after the United States, Japan and Germany     According to the NBS, China's per capita income jumped to 2,360U.S. dollars in 2007 from 190 U.S. dollars in 1978.     "Beijing Olympic Games"     Many believe that without opening-up, it would be impossible for China to host the 2008 Beijing Olympics.     The Games, commended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Jacques Rogge as "truly exceptional", were seen by the world as China's come-of-age show on the international stage.     China grabbed a total of 100 medals at the Beijing Games -- a coincidence as the country dreamt for 100 years to be the Olympic host -- and overtook the United States to top the gold medal count with 51.     As the most watched Games in history, with an estimated 4.5 billion TV and Internet viewers, the Beijing Olympics attracted the most participants, who were from a record 204 countries and regions.     "Speculate in stocks"     In 1990, China opened its first stock exchange in Shanghai, the country's industrial and financial center. In 1991, it set up its second bourse in Shenzhen, the country's first special economic zone.     China witnessed waves of stock crazes over the years and fluctuations in the stock market touch the nerves of millions of Chinese.     In 2007, the country saw a bull stock market, with the key benchmark Shanghai Composite Index soaring from 2,728 points in January to 5,261 points, or 92.85 percent, on December 28.     In fact, the market has been on a bullish run for 29 months from June 6, 2005 to November 2007, longer than the general bullish market cycle of 17 to 24 months.     But it has dipped since last November.     "Chinese characteristics"     The phrase became well-known as an answer by late leader Deng to the question of how China could improve its productivity and people's lives with its less-developed economy.     Deng's answer was "to build socialism with Chinese characteristics". It means China has its own way of development rather than copying other countries' experiences.     The phrase is frequently quoted by the Chinese and used in China's official documents.     "Rise abruptly"     The phrase, or "Xiong Qi" in Chinese meaning "Go! Go!", is a dialect of southwest China's Sichuan Province. It was originally used by football fans to inspire teams in the 1990s.     The phrase soon became popular among the Chinese public and was used widely outside the sports field to encourage people to keep up their spirits.     After the May 12 earthquake in Sichuan, Chinese used the phrase to show their care and support to the quake-affected areas and people.     The 10 phrases were selected by 15 Chinese media, including the Beijing Evening News, the Shanghai Evening Post, the Tianjin-based Jin Wan Bao, the Guangzhou-based Yangcheng Evening News and the Shanxi Evening News.     Newspapers, which are based in 15 provinces and municipalities, started soliciting catch phrases from the public in October, according to the Beijing Evening News.     The list, voted on by readers and netizens, was publicized in Shanghai on Saturday.

Visiting Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo (L) meets with U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in Washington, capital of the United States, Dec. 12, 2008.     WASHINGTON, Dec. 12 (Xinhua) -- Visiting Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo met here with U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley on Friday separately to exchange views on bilateral ties as well as international and regional issues of common concern.     During the meetings, Dai recalled the great development that has been achieved in bilateral relationship since China and the United States forged diplomatic ties 30 years ago, especially the stable growth in the past eight years. Visiting Chinese State Councilor Dai Bingguo (L) meets with the United States National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley in Washington, capital of the United States, Dec. 12, 2008.     Dai said that the recent years had witnessed frequent contacts and high-level exchange of visits of the two countries, especially between state leaders, as well as deepening political and economic dialogues, ever-increasing mutual understanding, growing common grounds, expanding bilateral cooperation, and more and more convergence of mutual interests.     All these achievements highlight more than ever the strategic significance and global influence of a sound and stable Sino-U.S. relationship, Dai said.     The state councilor said that the Chinese side was ready to work with the U.S. side to move bilateral relationship of constructive cooperation forward.     For this end, he said, the two sides should continue to treat bilateral relationship from a strategic and long-term perspective, enhance dialogue, coordination and cooperation, and respect and accommodate each other's core interests and major concerns.     Rice said since the establishment of diplomatic ties, relations between the United States and China had kept improving and bilateral cooperation had been increasingly deepened.     The two sides have also had frequent communication and coordination in many areas such as how to cope with the ongoing global financial crisis and prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, she said, adding that the United States and China have become good cooperative partners.     Rice said the Strategic Dialogue and Strategic Economic Dialogue between the United States and China should be carried on and expanded because the dialogues had increased mutual understanding and common grounds, achieved fruitful results and laid a solid foundation for the growth of bilateral friendly cooperation.     Hadley said that U.S.-China relationship had witnessed great growth in recent years thanks to efforts made by state leaders of the two countries.     He said the two sides should continue to strengthen cooperation in bilateral fields and on international and regional issues in a bid to move bilateral relationship further ahead.     At the invitation of the U.S. government, Dai arrived in New York on Wednesday on a week-long working visit to the United States.     The senior Chinese official is expected to co-chair the sixth Strategic Dialogue between the two countries with U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte in Washington on Monday.     The China-U.S. Strategic Dialogue was launched in August 2005 in accordance with the consensus of the two heads of state. The fifth dialogue was held in China in January this year.

BEIJING, Nov. 17 (Xinhua) -- As mass layoffs and labor disputes become more frequent when global economic slowdown wipes out more companies from business, Chinese government has urged local authorities to make best efforts to properly respond.     The top priority should be given to ensuring stable employment, said China's Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (MOHRSS) in a notice issued on Monday.     Investigation should be carried out concerning individual companies' possible layoffs, especially labor-intensive factories, it said. The labor situation of companies that go bankrupt should be closely monitored.     In October, Local government in Dongguan of Guangdong Province, where many labor-intensive companies located, took out more than 24 million yuan (3.5 million U.S. dollars) to compensate for the salaries of over 7,000 workers, who was left helpless when a company owner secretly fled.     Emergency plans should be formulated in order to better prevent and deal with incidents involving a large group of unemployed workers, and make sure to report to higher level of the government and make appropriate arrangement as soon as possible, it said.     An efficient and convenient channel should be created for people to appeal for arbitration of labor disputes, so as to resolve major or mass disputes in time, it said.     The notice also required that arrangements be made to guarantee unemployment insurance, encourage reemployment, and better serve the migrant workers.

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BEIJING, Oct. 29 (Xinhua) -- China's central bank, the People's Bank of China (PBOC), announced on Wednesday it would cut benchmark interest rates by 0.27 percent to spur economic growth as of Oct. 30.     The benchmark one-year deposit rate would drop to 3.60 percent from 3.87 percent, while the benchmark one-year lending rate would fall from 6.93 percent to 6.66 percent.     This is the second such move in less than one month, highlighted the government's rising concern over the slowing economy and slumping capital market.     The previous was on Oct. 8, when the PBOC announced to cut deposit and lending rates was lowered by 0.27 percentage points and decided to cut the reserve-requirement ratio by 0.5 percentage points from Oct. 15.     "It reflects that the government is worried about a cooling down economy and other domestic problems, amid a deepening U.S.-originated world credit crisis, " said Tang Min, China Development Research Foundation deputy secretary.     China's gross domestic product (GDP) grew to 20.16 trillion yuan (2.96 trillion U.S. dollars) in the first three quarters of this year, up 9.9 percent from the same period of last year.     The growth rate was 2.3 percentage points lower than the same period of last year, and half a percentage point lower than the first half.     "This was also a timely response to the rate cuts by other central banks worldwide and part of a coordinated effort to stem the global financial crisis, " said Tang.     The recent intensification of the financial crisis has augmented the downside risks to growth and thus has diminished further the upside risks to price stability, experts say.     Tang added, the easing in inflation has given room for the authorities to loosen monetary policy. Inflation is no longer a threat with the declining commodities prices.     China's consumer price index (CPI), the main gauge of inflation, rose 4.6 percent in September over the same period last year, off from the 12-year high of 8.7 percent in February.     "A lower interest rate will help domestic enterprises to cut business costs, and boost economic development. This is in line with the country's expectation," Tang noted.     Zhuang Jian, senior economist with Asia Development Bank echoed with Tang, saying a relaxed credit and financing environment is a key factor to enlarging domestic demand and boost consumption.     "Maintaining a fast and sound economic development is the government's top priority currently," Zhuang added.     However, Zhuang noted, monetary policy alone was not enough to boost domestic economy in the long term. Other fiscal policies were also very important.     Guo Tianyong, director of banking research center with Central University of Finance and Economics said, this move was also contribute to rebuilding people's confidence over the poorly-performing domestic stock market and real estate market.     China's stock market dropped more than 66 percent from its peak last October, while real estate prices continue to fall in recent months.     Last week, China announced an array of policies, including tax exemption and mortgage deposits reduction, to boost the falling real estate sector amid the global economic slowdown.     The interest rates on a mortgage for first time home buyers was cut by 0.27 percentage points as of Oct. 27. The floor for interest rates would be lowered to 70 percent of the central bank's benchmark rate, the central bank said.

BEIJING, Oct. 23 (Xinhua) -- Strengthening relations between China and the European Union (EU) will contribute to the world peace, stability and prosperity amid complicated international situations, Chinese President Hu Jintao said here on Thursday.     The significance of Sino-EU relations has surpassed the bilateral level and is of more and more international significance, Hu said during his meeting with European Commission President Jose Manuel Durao Barroso, who is here to attend the seventh Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) to be held on Friday and Saturday. Chinese President Hu Jintao met on Thursday afternoon with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso who is in Beijing to attend the seventh Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) to be held on Oct. 24 to 25    Hu confirmed that China is willing to work with EU to push forward their comprehensive strategic partnership.     The president proposed to consolidate Sino-EU political base under the principle of strengthening strategic mutual trust, to promote concrete cooperation in various sectors in a reciprocal and win-win principle, and to properly tackle concerns and divergent opinions based on mutual respect and equal consultation.     Hu pledged that China is willing to reinforce communication and coordination with EU, jointly deal with the current financial crisis and maintain the stability of the global financial market.     Barroso said during the meeting that the current financial, grain and energy crises, as well as climate change, poverty and terrorist threat require worldwide actions.     He said EU appreciates China's responsible attitude in responding to the financial crisis and hopes to deepen cooperation with China. He said EU-Chinese relations are strategic, strong and mature.

ATHENS, Nov. 25 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao said here on Tuesday that China hopes to push its ties with Greece to a higher level.     The Chinese government has attached great importance to its relations with Greece and has been viewing the bilateral ties from a strategic and long-term perspective, Hu said during his meeting with Greek Prime Minister Costas Karamanlis.     China hopes to expand the scope of shared interests with Greece and push forward bilateral cooperation in various sectors, the Chinese president said.     He suggested that the two sides set up a guideline for long-term economic cooperation and establish a more effective communication platform for enterprises on both sides. Chinese President Hu Jintao (R) meets with Greek Prime Minister Costas Karamanlis in Athens, capital of Greece, Nov. 25, 2008    He said that the Chinese government supports competent Chinese enterprises to invest in Greece and carry out mutually beneficial cooperation in telecom, energy, environmental protection, tourism and isle development.     He also proposed the two countries pay more attention to cooperation in the oceanic shipping industry.     In addition, China and Greece should devote major efforts to strengthening cultural cooperation, he said.     The two sides should enhance cooperation in language teaching, the protection of cultural relics, the press and publication, said the Chinese president.     Efforts should also be made to advance academic and youth exchanges and to explore cooperation potential in traditional medicine, disaster prevention and relief, as well as in social development, the Chinese president said.     Karamanlis said significant progress has been achieved in the Greek-Chinese ties after the two nations formed the comprehensive strategic partnership in 2006.     He echoed Hu by saying that the two sides should enhance cooperation in oceanic shipping and tourism.     Greece hopes to become a gateway of Chinese commodities into the region and welcomes Chinese people to visit the country, he said.     The two sides should also strengthen cooperation within international organizations as the world is faced with major challenges like the current financial crisis, the Greek prime minister said.     The two leaders also discussed Sino-European relations.     China is willing to work with its European partners to properly handle major issues of common concern and resolve differences in an effort to strengthen strategic mutual-trust, push forward cooperation in all areas and ensure the growth of the Sino-Europe comprehensive strategic partnership in the long run, Hu said.     He added that China appreciates the endeavor and contribution by Greece to the development of Sino-European ties and hoped the Greek side will play a more active role in the future.     For his part, Karamanlis promised to continue its active efforts in boosting China-EU relations in an all-round manner.     Hu arrived in Athens on Monday for a state visit to Greece, the last leg of his five-nation trip. He had earlier attended a financial summit in Washington and paid state visits to Costa Rica, Cuba and Peru, where he also attended the Economic Leaders' Informal Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Lima.

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BERLIN, Jan. 29 (Xinhua) -- China and Germany have vowed to make joint efforts to stabilize the global economy amid the ongoing financial and economic crisis, said a joint statement issued Thursday.     The cooperation between China and Germany, the world's two major export-driven economies, is of special significance for the world's efforts to tackle the financial downturn, said the statement released after visiting Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao's meeting with German Chancellor Angela Merkel.     The two sides agreed to strengthen dialogue on economic and trade, currency and fiscal policies and pledged to support each other on their economic stimulus plans based on their own situations, it said.     China and Germany have agreed to enhance their comprehensive strategic partnership and cooperation in jointly dealing with the global economic crisis, Wen told a press conference following his meeting with Merkel.     The strengthened Sino-German cooperation is of special significance in the context of the current world economic downturn, said Wen. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao addresses the Fifth Chinese-German Forum for Economic and Technological Cooperation in Berlin, Jan. 29, 2009The two nations should strengthen cooperation in various fields and press ahead with their comprehensive strategic partnership, which bears global responsibility amid an ailing global economy, the Chinese premier added.     Echoing Wen's remarks on bilateral cooperation, Merkel said his visit has further promoted German-Chinese cooperation in such fields as politics, economy and culture.     Germany is ready to promote bilateral cooperation in improving energy efficiency, environmental protection and intellectual property protection, she said.     Merkel also called on the two nations to further enhance bilateral trade and economic relations despite the harsh economic environment.     According to the joint statement, both nations will also seek to broaden their cooperation and inject new impulse into the economic growth, especially on such fields as climate change, infrastructure construction, transportation and logistics, financial services, and information technology, it noted.     The two nations will continue to strengthen cooperation, especially in the sector of the innovative technology through such mechanism as the China-Germany joint commission for economic cooperation and the Sino-German economic and technical cooperation forum, it said.     Meanwhile, the two nations also agreed to encourage bilateral cooperation between small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) pledging to introduce supportive measures for SMEs activities in investment, financing, taxing and trade, it added.     The two sides also stressed the importance of curbing trade protectionism, saying they will oppose trade and investment protectionism in whatever forms.     They also pledged to implement the consensus reached in the G20 Washington Summit in efforts to push forward the reform of global financial system.     At a forum on Sino-German economic and technical cooperation on Thursday, Wen proposed that in addition to trade in goods, the two sides should expand cooperation in such service sectors as banking, insurance, telecommunications, logistics.     European enterprises can absolutely increase their exports of advanced technical equipment, which would overcome the difficulties they are facing currently, but also meet the demand from the Chinese market, said Wen.     The Chinese government welcomes German enterprises to play a more active role in promoting technical innovation, upgrading industrial structure, and fostering development coordination in various regions in China.     Chinese companies are also encouraged to build manufacturing bases, marketing network, and research institutions, said the premier.     Also on Thursday, China and Germany signed six deals, including a memorandum of understanding on the transfer from Germany of parts of the core technologies for the maglev railway projects in China.     Other agreements cover cooperation in climate protection, the car industry, construction of Chinese ecological city Xuzhou, and exchanges between the museums of the two countries.     Germany is the second leg of Wen's European tour after Switzerland, where he attended the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF). The week-long trip will also take him to the European Union headquarters in Brussels, Spain and Britain.

KUWAIT CITY, Dec. 29 (Xinhua) -- Visiting Chinese Vice Premier Li Keqiang and Kuwaiti Prime Minister Sheikh Nasser Al-Mohammad Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah agreed to expand economic and energy cooperation between the two countries during their meeting here on Monday.     "China and Kuwait should form a lasting, stable and comprehensive partnership concerning the energy area," Li told the Kuwaiti prime minister, according to a press release from the Chinese Foreign Ministry.     Li said the two sides should deepen cooperation in the energy industries and study ways of joint exploration of both upstream and downstream industries.     He called on both sides to expand cooperation on infrastructure and telecommunication, increase contacts of people, and promote exchanges in the areas of finance, agriculture, science and technology and culture, in a bid to jointly respond to the change of global economic environment.     Li also said China always sees its relations from a strategic perspective with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and its six members, including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait.     China is willing to further high level visits, enhance political mutual trust, broaden substantial cooperation and promote peace and stability in the Gulf region, Li said.     Nasser said Kuwait and China have witnessed a strong growth of bilateral trade volume this year, and taken a big step in energy cooperation.     Citing the current global financial crisis, he pledged that Kuwait is ready to further enhance cooperation with China in various fields, adding that Kuwait welcomes Chinese products and enterprises to enter the Kuwaiti market to realize common development.     The Chinese vice premier also visited oil facilities in Kuwait and met with major figures of the oil industry to get a better knowledge of the Gulf Arab state's oil industry and the progress of China-Kuwait energy cooperation.     China and Kuwait renewed their record of bilateral trade volume in 2007 with 3.6 billion U.S. dollars, according to official statistics, a 30-percent growth compared with that of 2006.     China imported 2.3 billion dollars worth of goods from Kuwait in 2007, with 90 percent of oil products, while only exporting 1.3billion dollars of goods to Kuwait.     Li and Nasser also hailed the sound state-to-state relations between China and Kuwait.     Li said relations between China and Kuwait, the first Gulf state to establish diplomatic ties with China, feature "deep friendship between the two peoples, all-along mutual political trust and equal respect."     Expressing his appreciation of Kuwait's support in the issues concerning China's major interests, he said China supports Kuwait's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity.     Nasser acknowledged that China was also the first big power to recognize the independence of Kuwait.     Nasser said the Kuwaiti people have been always cherishing a friendly affection towards the Chinese people, and will never forget the firm support and help from the Chinese people.     Kuwait is the final leg of Li's 11-day overseas visit, his first foreign visit since he took office as vice premier in March, which has also taken him to Indonesia and Egypt.

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BEIJING, Jan. 25 (Xinhua) -- Two TV rivals should have locked horns on Lunar New Year's Eve, but the alternative to the traditional China Central Television (CCTV) New Year gala, the "Shanzhai" show was just not available for most people in China.     Lao Meng, a Beijing-based wedding photographer who initiated a homemade gala focusing on performances by ordinary people, made the "Shanzhai" show - an "alternative" pastiche of CCTV's traditional gala. He called it "a real show by and for ordinary people."     The "Shanzhai" show which had claimed to be for college students and migrant workers who could not return home for the holiday, turned out to be only available on the Macao Asia Satellite TV (MASTV) and its website.     Most families in the country cannot get satellite TV channels, and the MASTV website page could not be opened from 8 p.m. to 11 p.m., when the show was on.     Lao Meng told Xinhua he did not know why, "maybe too many people were logging on to the website."     Lao Meng also said the show on MASTV was actually a recorded broadcast.     Unlike all CCTV gala's performers who performed live, Lao Meng and his performers were having a party to celebrate their "Shanzhai" gala in an indoor hall in Beijing on New Year's Eve.     Chen Jun, a magazine editor in Shanghai, said he was disappointed to not have access to the "Shanzhai" show.     "It was much all mouth and no trousers. I think it has let many people down," Chen said.     The "Shanzhai" gala had won wide support on the Internet and much media attention from home and abroad, as it claimed to make a show for common people and to challenge CCTV's gala.

BEIJING, Dec. 20 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping on Saturday called on officials and party members to well study two new guidelines while learning and implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development.     Xi told a video conference here that President Hu Jintao's speech at the event to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the 3rdplenary session of the 11th Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee on Thursday was an important guideline for Chinese people to bring the socialism with Chinese characteristics to a new stage.     Through this speech, all CPC members will fully understand the achievements in the past three decades and the bright future of the country, he said.     All the party members should realize their responsibility, fear no risk and remain resolved against any disturbance, he said.     Xi urged officials and party members to fully understand and implement the guidelines set at the annual Central Economic Work Conference.     In September, the CPC launched a one and a half year campaign to study and apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, which was adopted by the party at the 17th CPC National Congress in October 2007.     Now the campaign has entered a stage that officials should find out major problems that holds back the Scientific Development, Xi said.     Everyone should work hard to identify the exact problems and the cause of the problems in a bid to work out effective solutions, he said.